The Swinging 60s - The Evolution of Classic Songs That Shook the World

The 60s are considered a watershed decade in the history of music due to the many classic songs that appeared in this era that changed the sound and direction of music forever. The changes that took place in just 10 short years were simply enormous and its effects are still being felt and are still influencing today's musicians. The following article has been written to give you a concise rundown of the major songs and artists from this decade whose legacy is still being felt today.

At the beginning of the 1960s, Elvis was still the King and even more so when he released his first songs after returning from military service in Germany. Many of his songs such as "It's Now or Never" and "Are You Lonesome Tonight?" all became number 1 hits during this period. The early 1960s also saw the emergence of teen artists who for the first time achieved significant success on the charts. Brenda Lee made her debut with the classic song "I'm Sorry" at just 15 years of age and had a long career through the 60s and 70s. Matt Dinning's song "Teen Angel" also became a smash hit and continued with the theme of a lost teen love. All these young artists had a clean-cut image which would not last much longer in the 60s.

The early 1960's also see the start of the Twist dance craze instigated by the massive hit "The Twist" by Chubby Checker and this dance craze would continue until at least 1962. 1962 would also see the emergence of Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons with their first 3 singles all reaching number 1 in the United States ("Sherry", "Walk Like A Man" and "Big Girls Don't Cry").

However, 1964 would be the year that changed music forever. The arrival of the Beatles in America and along with it The British Invasion would completely transform the entire industry, especially in North America. The Beatles' appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show in February 1964 has been pinpointed as possibly the most important musical moment of the 20th century. It is their appearances on the show that kick-started Beatlemania in America and the rest of the world. No other band had ever caused so much hysteria and no other band has done since. The Beatles became mega superstars with their ridiculous chords, beautiful melodies, accumulating incredible commercial and critical success and 20 number 1 hits in the United States in just 6 years. No other singer or group has been able to match their success since and it's unlikely anybody ever will.

The Beatles' success also led to the British Invasion with artists such as The Rolling Stones and The Animals also becoming commercial successful in their own right during this period. Bands such as the Troggs and the Kinks emerged as pioneers of heavy metal which would emerge in its more well-known form in the early 70s but you can't help but recognize the influence of these early bands. "Wild Thing" and "You Really Got Me" are much listen songs from the 60s if you are a heavy metal or hard rock fan.

The 60s also saw the emergence of the all girl group The Supremes who are considered to the pioneers of RnB and soul with songs such as "Baby Love" and "Stop! In The Name of Love" still influencing today's Rnb artists. They had a total of 12 number 1 hits in the United States and are considered one of the most successful female vocal groups of all time.

The second half of the 60s saw a profound change in sound with the rise of psychedelic rock which was essentially rock music trying to represent experiences with hallucinogenic drugs. Drugs such as LSD were commonplace at the time and used by many artists such as The Beatles and hits such as "Strawberry Fields Forever" reflected this new type of rock. The popularity of this psychedelic rock did not last long as it simply became a transition from blues-oriented rock to progressive rock and heavy metal in the early 1970s.

The end of the 1960s also saw the arrival of the Creedence Clearwater Revival (CCR) with their distinctive Southern rock sound which would be the inspiration for many rock groups in the 70s such as the Eagles and Lynyrd Skynyrd. CCR experienced enormous commercial success in the United States in just a few short years and many of their songs such as "Proud Mary", "Who'll Stop The Rain", "Bad Moon Rising" and "Fortunate Son" are still staples of classic rock music stations.

The 60s were a significant period in the history of music whose legacy continues to live in the music of today. Artists from this period has inspired countless of music artists throughout history and there's no doubt that people will continue to look back on the period as a source of inspiration for future music.

Martin Sejas is the lead writer of http://www.AllTimeClassicSongs.com, a website dedicated to appropriately honoring 60s classic songs and other classic songs from other influential musical eras.

Food History - The Evolution of Our World From Bread to Cheesecake

Ever wonder about the origins of certain foods? Who was the first person to eat an oyster and why? What hardened meringue was used as medicinal candy to soothe children's sore throats? What food was served to those first Olympians in 776 B.C? What has been found in pits where human settlements lived 8,000 years ago? The origins of food are varied, ingenious and ever evolving and have not only made history, but are history.

One of the oldest known foods is credited for bringing cavemen together to live in communities rather than herd and hunt as nomads. Civilizations found various ways of growing, preparing grain and baking dough to become bread, a staple which was plentiful in summer and sustained them during winter. Excavated cities dating back to Pompeii have revealed the secrets of the ancient bakery where rich and poor alike, came together over bread. Wheat has been discovered in the remains of settlements from over 8,000 years ago stamping today's main grain as a link to our past.

One of the most delicious or dangerous delicacies on our menu is the Latin mussirio, or mushrooms. Like bread, fungi may also date back to prehistoric times and are marked throughout Greek, Roman, Chinese, Japanese and European culinary history. Mushrooms lack chlorophyll and therefore must grow from other things such as dead plants, tree roots or animals. We think of fungus as a bad thing, but where would be without yeast? We'd miss bread, truffles and the beer for our BBQs.

Then there's the poor, misunderstood mollusk. Many people shy away from their gray, shiny, slippery surfaces. Archeological evidence would point to oysters as coming out of their shells around the same time as dirt but details on this are as murky as the beds in which they're found. Oyster farming was well documented during the 4th century but was interrupted by the barbarian invasion and does not surface again till the 14th century as a privilege of the rich. It wasn't till the 19th century when oysters became more plentiful that dishes such as stew, fried oysters, oysters Florentine and oyster shish kabob began to emerge.

When Harvard graduate students Herbert Dick and Earle Smith went digging in a New Mexico bat cave, little did they know they would end up with 5,600-year-old popcorn. Smith and Dick unearthed various well-preserved corn cob fragments including several that were partially or completely popped. When dropped in oil, a few of the kernels still had a spark and exploded into white puffs. Throughout the centuries, popcorn has been used as food, in ornamental headdresses, as breakfast cereal during colonial times and as an attraction inside and out in front of department stores. During the depression, when other businesses went bust, popcorn, well, popped. What would a movie theater be without popcorn?

What were the first Olympians dining on between chariot races? You guessed it: cheesecake. Well, maybe not but historians believe it to have been on the first games' menu. It has also been traced back to 2,000 B.C through unearthed cheese molds. If the internet had been invented in 200 BC, cave-wives all over the world could have been sharing Marcus Porcius Cato's recipe for cheese libum, or cheese cake. From there, cheesecake spread from Greece to Europe then finally to America. This confection is celebrated by every region and culture and is one of the world's most popular desserts.

Originating in ancient Egypt, the marshmallow started out as a honey candy that was thickened and flavored with the sap of the marsh-mallow plant. This goo-filled growth appeared on banks near large bodies of water and in salt marshes. Nineteenth century doctors creatively extracted the plant's juices, boiled it with egg whites and sugar and whipped it into a meringue, that when hardened, was used as a children's sore throat lozenge. When gelatin replaced the plant's sap, its medicinal values as a cough suppressant, immune system booster and wound healer disappeared. The production process evolved as well with the invention of the cornstarch mold method which later gave way to the more modern extrusion process. This involved piping the sugary mixture through long tubes to be cut into pillowy, equal-sized shapes.

Years from now when archeologists unearth our society, we wonder what they'll learn from specimens such as pork floss, beef pizzle or the much loved Now and Later variety of pull-your-teeth-out candy chews. One can only wonder.....and keep good notes.

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Animal Ecology

Animal ecology is an important area of study for scientists. It is the study of animals and how they related to each other as well as how they related to their environment. There are various forms of animal ecology. This includes:

o Behavioral ecology, the study of the behavior of the animals with relation to their environment and others
o Population ecology, the study of the effects on the population of these animals
o Marine ecology is the study of animal life
o Evolutionary ecology is the study of how animals evolve over time to meet the demands on them

There are various other forms. By studying this information, scientists hope to learn more about what makes these animals prosper or what potentially holds them back. With animal ecology, there are many factors, most of which are human caused, that is currently threatening them.

There are many examples of this problem throughout the country. Perhaps the best examples, though, are in the water. A look at area lakes, coastlines and even marine life will show you just how much human environmental damage has hurt these animals. Animal ecology has changed drastically in an effort to keep up. Here are some examples of how the environment and human interaction has changed the scope of many animals.

o Animal habitats in many marine areas have ceased to exist. Coral reefs and other very delicate ecosystems have been harmed by human presence.
o In the arctic regions, melting ice has limited the lifespan of polar bears, which make the ice their home. Additionally, sea lions and other marine life that use the ice to rest on have been unable to do so.
o Dams and other waterway changes have hurt animal ecology throughout the country. Animals are no longer able to get to the source of water they need.
o Deforestation in jungles and other habitats has caused many of the only locations for animals to live to be wiped away.
o Sprawling city growth has also pushed animals farther and farther out of their natural habitats.

There are many other ways that animal ecology has changed. The goal of scientists is to find out what is happening and why it is happening that way. It is often very much a worry when animal species are dying or are unable to evolve naturally because of the drastic changes in their lifestyles and living areas. Through study of animal ecology, scientists hope to understand better what really is happening and what effect it will have both in the short and in the long term.

Annie Here
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Evolution of Biofuels

The biofuels that people are mainly familiar with today are the ones that are made from food crops, such as corn. The biggest debate regarding this, among those going green, is that too much food is being devoted to fuel, when it needs to be allocated for its original purpose, which is to feed humans or animals. While eating is one of the few things we must do to survive, in this day and age, having fuel is almost as integral. Therefore, a balance must be created so that there are enough resources for both the generation of food and fuel.

There are currently three generations of biofuels, and within the first generation, bioalcohol, biodiesel, and biogas are utilized. Bioalcohol is created by the fermentation of sugars or starches, and plants which are high in these are used to make this type of biofuel. Biodiesel is used for diesel engines, and can be made from heated vegetable oil. Biogas is created when organic materials biodegrade in the absence of oxygen.

While all of the above biofuels are effective, the bottom line is they still use food that could possibly be put to better use. Second generation biofuels are created from non edible food crops, as well as the stalks of edible foods. Cellulosic fuels are more difficult to make on a large scale, which is one of their primary drawbacks.

The third generation is algae biofuel. Algae requires little energy to grow yet can output more biofuel than any land crop. Algae is so promising that it may even be a method of completely replacing petroleum. Like cellulose, there have been problems extracting the essential oil from algae, and new techniques for extraction are consistently being researched.

An emerging, new type of biofuel that may turn out to be the fourth generation is fuel produced from microorganisms. If this project is successful, it could result in our being able to create all the fuel we will ever need.

Justin Kander helps run a green blog dedicated to helping people go green.

Animal Life Around the Dead Sea

As the name signifies, nothing that has life can flourish in the Dead Sea. It is a massive water body that stretches for about 77 kilometers (48 miles) long and 5 and 18 kilometers (3 and 11 miles) wide. Lying calmly between Jordan and Israel, the lake houses a variety of minerals that are found on the surface of the earth such as sodium, calcium, magnesium and silica. These minerals get carried into rivers and ultimately in the sea when ever it rains, along with rainwater. The two most widely found elements in this Sea are sodium and calcium, which when combines form salt, making the water salty and due to this salinity, Dead Sea creates an extremely ruthless ambiance where animals cannot survive and flourish.

As far as the point of life in the Dead Sea is concerned, the only supportive statement comes from the source bacterium Haloarcula marismortui. It is one of the two species of bacteria that live in the Dead Sea. However, in the region scattered around Dead-Sea, a number of animals originating in Africa can be found, as this area was once a part of the north-eastern corner of the African continent. With the ongoing process of desiccation, a desert belt is formed which eventually isolated the animal population here from its original home. In fact, from this category of animals, the most popular habitant of Dead Sea region is the Rock Rabbit, a social herbivore. The mammal has pads on its short toes that help it climb easily in the rock fissures.

Although the Dead Sea region is specifically categorized as barren land, the rift does support a migration platform for nomadic birds, predators and others that fly to cover the distance from Africa to Northern Europe. These birds glide over the air currents in the mountain corridors, where a few get misled due to the blue color of the river, thinking it be a sweet water lake. These misguided birds come to rest on the Dead-Sea and finally close the chapter of their lives.

Further, the drift of continents cleared the way for Asiatic animals' entry and disturbed the African element that was unable to find survival with the changing climatic conditions. Many animals like crocodile, the rhinoceros and the hippopotamus got vanished from the region. The other African species restricted themselves to the area that still has some minimum possible conditions for endurance.

Another interesting habitant found in the area around Dead Sea is ants living on the tress. These ants build their homes in nests and capture and hold one of the region's vermin. Dead Sea does not provide suitable living environment for any of the multi-celled organism except for Ein Fashcha, a series of springs on the northern shore. A variety of fish and shell-fish, reaching to Ein Fashcha, got trapped by the blockade created by the rising absorption of salt in the waters of the lake.
   
At this point, a tributary enters the sea and brings along with it, these fresh water creatures fighting, for their survival. Unfortunately, they die soon after getting in touch with the highly concentrated salt sea. On the other side, the Asiatic migrants, surviving in the region around the Dead Sea, choose their terrain as per their nature. The very popular light-footed fleet gazelle houses in the open plains, whereas the ibex sticks to the cliffs.

Due to the heavy content of minerals in the massive body of water of Dead Sea, the survival of underwater life is not feasible. However, the continental rift supports survival of few selective animals in the areas around the Dead Sea.

The Tiktaalik Roseae - Another Missing Link Myth

Darwinist media organizations have embarked upon a new wave of propaganda aimed at portraying a fossil recently described in the journal Nature (i), (ii), (iii) as a missing link. The fossil in question is that of a fish, discovered in Arctic Canada by the paleontologists Neil H. Shubin and Edward B. Daeschler in 2004. Given the scientific name Tiktaalik roseae, the fossil is estimated to be 385 million years old. Evolutionists looking for possible candidates for their tales of a transition from water to land are putting the fossil forward as an intermediate form by distorting its "mosaic" features.

However, the claim of a transition from water to land is no more than a dream, because the physiological gulfs between terrestrial animals and fish cannot be overcome by any of the fictitious mechanisms of the theory of evolution. The latest attempt to make Tiktaalik roseae fit this scenario, which is supported out of blind devotion to the theory of evolution and rests on no scientific evidence whatsoever, is based on preconceptions and intentional misinterpretation. The facts the Darwinist media have concealed in their Tiktaalik roseae propaganda are set out below.

Tiktaalik roseae: A mosaic life form which is no evidence for evolution

There are three well-preserved fossil specimens of Tiktaalik roseae. Some 3 meters long, the creature exhibits various mosaic characteristics. (Mosaic life forms contain features belonging to different groups of life forms.) As in fish, it has fins and scales. Features such as its flat head, mobile neck and relatively powerful rib structure are found in terrestrial animals. The creature, whose name is derived from the Inuit language Inuktitut and means "a large, shallow-water fish," also has bones in its pectoral fins. Evolutionists distort these mosaic properties according to their own preconceptions and maintain that the animal is a transitional form between fish and terrestrial life forms.

Mosaic life forms, however, are very far from being the intermediate forms required by the theory of evolution. The present-day Platypus that lives in Australia, for instance, is a mosaic creature that possesses mammalian, reptilian and avian features at one and the same time. But nothing about it constitutes any evidence for the theory of evolution. Mosaic life forms are not what evolutionists need to find in order to back up their claims; they need to find "intermediate forms," which would have to be with deficient, only half-formed and not fully functional organs. Yet every one of the organs possessed by mosaic creatures is complete and flawless. They have no semi-developed organs, and there are no fossil series that can be proposed as evidence that they evolved from some other life forms.

The theory of evolution hypothesizes that a process based on random mutations, in other words on chance, took place. According to this claim, the millions of living species on Earth must have evolved from a vast number of intermediate forms, all subjected to chance mutations, and as a result had deformed, abnormal structures, and the fossils of these so-called intermediate forms should have been found. To put it another way, the fossil record should be overflowing with the remains of life forms that can only be described as freaks of nature. However, this is known not to be the case. When species emerge, they do so suddenly, with all their distinguishing features fully developed, and with no series of freaks among them. In his 1999 book Fossils and Evolution, Tom Kemp, curator of Zoological Collections at the Oxford University Museum, describes the position as follows:

In virtually all cases a new taxon appears for the first time in the fossil record with most definitive features already present, and practically no known stem-group forms. (Tom Kemp, Fossils and Evolution, Oxford University, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 246)

The general picture concealed by evolutionists

Evolutionists attempt to give the impression that fossils actually support the idea of evolution. Yet the "missing link" concept is one that has been invented solely in the light of the needs of the theory of evolution and has no counterpart in the fossil record itself. The lack of fossil links alleged to connect species to one another has been known ever since Darwin's time. Excavations by paleontologists since Darwin's day have also failed to resolve this situation, which represents such a grave impasse for the theory of evolution and, on the contrary, have further confirmed the absence of any missing links among living groups.

E. R. Leach, author of the book Rethinking Anthropology, wrote this in his article in Nature:

Missing links in the sequence of fossil evidence were a worry to Darwin. He felt sure they would eventually turn up, but they are still missing and seem likely to remain so. (E. R. Leach; Nature, 293: 19, 1981)

A. S. Romer, one of the most eminent paleontologists of his time, said this on the subject:

"Links" are missing just where we most fervently desire them [to point to a transition between species] and it is all too probable that many "links" will continue to be missing. (A. S. Romer, in Genetics, Paleontology and Evolution, 1963, p. 114)

David B. Kitts, professor of geology and the history of science at the University of Oklahoma admits the absence of the intermediate forms required by the theory of evolution:

Evolution requires intermediate forms between species and paleontology does not provide them. (David B. Kitts, "Paleontology and Evolutionary Theory," Evolution, Vol. 28, September 1974, p. 467)

The picture that emerges from the fossil record is completely compatible with creation. The record reveals that living things appeared suddenly and lived for long periods of time without undergoing any change at all. These facts can clearly be seen in an evaluation of evolution's fossil impasse by the American paleontologist R. Wesson in his 1991 book Beyond Natural Selection. Stating that the gaps in the record are real, Wesson goes on to say that the absence of a record of any evolutionary branching is quite phenomenal. Species are usually static for long periods. Species and genera never show evolution into new species or genera but are replaced by another, and change is usually abrupt. (R. Wesson, Beyond Natural Selection, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991, p. 45)

Some 250,000 fossil species have been collected to date, and there is absolutely no trace of intermediate forms in any of them. Evolutionists are behaving irrationally and unscientifically by ignoring this and embarking on campaigns of missing link propaganda.

The Error of Biological Inference from Skeletal Remains

When the bodies of vertebrates are fossilized, they generally leave no remains behind apart from bones. However, bones leave traces of only a very limited part of vertebrate biology, about 1%. When evolutionists begin interpreting the fossil remains of an organism, most of the information about its biology has been lost. Evolutionists, with almost no information concerning the organism's soft tissue biology "fill" the gap in their knowledge according to the demands of the theory of evolution, which they have adopted as a dogma long beforehand.

The intermediate form claims that evolutionists produce solely by looking at bones is no more than vague conjecture. In his book Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, the molecular biologist Michael Denton makes the situation very clear:

Because soft biology of extinct groups can never be known with any certainty then obviously the status of even the most convincing intermediates is bound to be insecure. (Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, Burnett Books: London, 1985, p. 180)

Even the most convincing appearing intermediate forms for evolutionists can subsequently let them down very badly. One excellent example of this is the Coelacanth phenomenon.

Sensational reports show that evolutionists have learned nothing from the Coelacanth phenomenon

As with the latest fossil Tiktaalik roseae, the Coelacanth is a fish that evolutionists once fondly imagined to be a missing link in the transition from water to land. Evolutionists examined 400-million-year-old fossil Coelacanths, which was once believed to be extinct, and drew a number of evolutionary conclusions from the remains. For example, they maintained that the bony structures in its fins were feet that helped the animal walk across the sea floor, and they also claimed that it possessed primitive lungs. The important point here is this: All these assumptions were made in the absence of any information about the Coelacanth's soft tissue biology.

The erroneous nature of producing evolutionary fantasies in the absence of any information about the animal's soft tissues emerged following an important discovery in 1938. A living Coelacanth was caught, showing that it was not, as had previously been thought, an extinct life form at all. Furthermore, many more living specimens were caught in subsequent years. Evolutionists immediately set about examining the fish's anatomy and way of moving in its natural environment, and saw that the missing link assumptions they had ascribed to it were completely incorrect. The fish, which they had assumed to live in shallow waters and to move by crawling over the seabed, actually lived at depths of around 180 meters, and they also observed that its fins never made contact with the seabed at all. The structure they imagined to be an evolving lung turned out to be a fat-filled swim bladder that had nothing to do with respiration whatsoever.

The realization that the Coelacanth, which had once seemed such a convincing-looking intermediate form for evolutionists, was just an ordinary species of fish clearly shows that the intermediate form claim being made about this latest fossil is also based entirely on uncertainties and speculation, because it, too, is based on imaginative interpretation of soft tissues from the fossilized remains of an extinct life form. In short, the ongoing propaganda through the media is based on nothing more than the exaggeration of scientifically vague information in the light of evolutionist dreams.

Evolutionists' missing link propaganda actually works against their own claims

Whenever a discovery is depicted as a missing link, the evolutionist media always give the impression that a most extraordinary finding has been made, whereas this actually conflicts with their claims regarding the truth of evolution.

Were the theory of evolution true, then the geological strata would be full of fossil intermediates, and their numbers would be far greater than that of all the species living today or that ever lived in the past. Therefore, the discovery of missing links would be such a routine matter that it would have no news value at all.

Alternatively, if, as evolutionists claim, there were as much evidence for evolution as there is for the force of gravity, then reporting on missing link discoveries would be as nonsensical as reporting on a stone thrown into the air falling back to the ground. In the same way that we would regard a news report along the lines of "We threw a stone into the air and it actually fell back to Earth" as utterly insignificant, so we would regard reports reading "Paleontologists have discovered a new missing link" as equally insignificant. In short, if evolution were a "fact," there would be no need for any missing link propaganda at all.

The evolutionary series in which Tiktaalik roseae has been placed is based solely on preconception

One can see in some newspapers that the latest fossil has been inserted as an intermediate form between Acanthostega and Eusthenopteron. By doing this, evolutionists are seeking to give the impression that the fossil record supports evolutionary transitions and that the evidence for this is mounting up with every passing day. The fact is though that these series represent no evidence that the organisms in question evolved at all. For example, laying out a row of screwdrivers in order of size does not show that they are all descended from one another.

In fact there is no known evolutionary line of descent from Eusthenopteron to Tiktaalik roseae or from Tiktaalik roseae to Acanthostega. These life forms are separated from one another by morphological gulfs based on profound differences and millions of years of time. Evolutionists reveal only their own prejudices with the series into which they place Tiktaalik roseae. Henry Gee, editor of the journal Nature and also a paleontologist, admits that "missing links" and evolutionary series are the work of preconceptions:

New fossil discoveries are fitted into this pre-existing story. We call these new discoveries "missing links", as if the chain of ancestry and descent were a real object for our contemplation, and not what it really is: a completely human invention created after the fact, shaped to accord with human prejudices. . . . Each fossil represents an isolated point, with no knowable connection to any other given fossil, and all float around in an overwhelming sea of gaps. (Henry Gee, In Search of Deep Time, Beyond the Fossil Record to a New History of Life, p. 32)

(For information on the invalidity of evolutionist claims regarding Acanthostega and Eusthenopteron see, http://www.darwinismrefuted.com/natural_history_1_07.html)

The myth of the transition from water to land: an illusory and dogmatic claim

The theory of evolution maintains that change in living things is based on the selection of beneficial differences among those produced by random mutations. However, it is a known fact that mutations have no power to cause anything to evolve by adding new information to living things' DNA. Mutations damage the genetic information in living things' DNA, producing effects that leave them deformed or dead. That is because the DNA sequences are exceedingly sensitive, and the effect on these of any mutation based on chance can only be harmful. For example, no random changes to the letters comprising a manual for an electronic device will turn it into a novel; it will merely damage the information in that manual. In the same way, it is totally impossible for mutations in a fish's DNA to acquire it a powerful skeletal structure capable of weight-bearing, to construct temperature regulating systems or systems for the use of water (involving such a complex organ as the kidney), or to cause gills to turn into lungs.

It is clear that if a fish does not undergo rapid change in different ways, such as in terms of its respiratory system, excretory mechanism and skeletal structure, it will inevitably die. Such a chain of mutations must take place that it must immediately acquire the fish a lung, turn its fins into legs, add a kidney onto it, and provide its skin with a water retaining structure. Systems of such vital importance to the animal either have to change instantaneously, or else not at all. Such a change is impossible through evolution, which is proposed as a chance-based and aimless process. Any rationally thinking person can see that the only possible explanation is to accept that fish and terrestrial life forms were created independently.

In short, the scenario of a "transition from water to land" is at a complete dead-end. Evolutionists have no consistent fossil evidence they can point to. In her book Vertebrate History: Problems in Evolution, the evolutionist paleontologist Barbara J. Stahl writes:

. . . [N]one of the known fishes is thought to be directly ancestral to the earliest land vertebrates. Most of them lived after the first amphibians appeared, and those that came before show no evidence of developing the stout limbs and ribs that characterized the tetrapods." (Barbara J. Stahl, Vertebrate History: Problems in Evolution, Dover, 1985, p. 148)

Conclusion: Evolutionists have to realize they will never get anywhere with outmoded propaganda techniques left over from Adolf Hitler

As has been demonstrated, the "missing link" notion is an unscientific one with no factual counterpart in the fossil record and used solely because of the requirements of the theory of evolution. The way that the Darwinist media cling so strongly to the idea is a method they resort to in order to spread their own ideologies among the public. Evolutionists have no evidence with which to spread their theory, which is the greatest scientific deception in history. All they can do in the face of the collapse, one by one, of such fossils as the Coelacanth and Archaeopteryx, and equine series once defended as evidences of evolution, consists of frequently and loudly ensuring that the missing link fraud is kept on the public agenda.

All these endeavors are a propaganda technique, as described in the Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's statement that a lie would be believed by many if repeated loudly and often enough.

Evolutionists must accept the fact that paleontology demolishes their theory, and must realize that constantly repeating their missing link tales will not alter the fact in the slightest.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR, HARUN YAHYA
Born in Ankara in 1956, Adnan Oktar writes his books under the pen name of Harun Yahya. The works of Harun Yahya have been translated into 41 languages. To date, his books have been purchased by 8 million people, and an equal number have been provided free to readers by various newspapers and magazines. You can read, free of charge, all the books Adnan Oktar has written under the pen name Harun Yahya on these websites http://www.harunyahya.com

1. http://www.harunyahya.com/new_releases/news/tiktaalik_roseae.php

Evolution Is God's Creative Process

Today I was watching a TV program I had recorded a while ago. It was Richard Dawkins' The Genius of Charles Darwin. In the program, Dawkins visited a school and spoke with some children about the subject of evolution. The program offered some of the familiar evidence for evolution including Darwin's wonderful specimen collection, put together during his voyage on the Beagle, his pigeon breeding experiments and a look at a whole variety of fossils.

He actually took some schoolchildren to a beach to search for fossils; and they discussed the sequence of creation as recorded in the fossil record. Surprisingly, at least to me, quite a number of the children he spoke with had rejected the idea of evolution and were convinced that their own religious views offered better explanations of how life came to be. However, although descriptions of creation within certain religious texts may appear to be diametrically opposed to natural selection, evolution actually is God's creative process.

Of course, I am aware that such a statement raises other important questions, such as the question of the existence of the Spider Wasp we discussed recently, and indeed, as Dawkins and others have pointed out, the whole subject of animal suffering and its relationship to the idea of a creator God. In this article however, we will concentrate on the question of why evolution does not contradict the Bible and how it is possible for two apparently contradictory views to be simultaneously true.

Perhaps the best place to begin this deliberation is with a little analogy, so let's talk about the subject of light. According to scholars, sometimes light behaves like a wave and other times it behaves like a particle stream. It is neither a waveform nor a particle stream, but both at the same time even though this idea appears to be invalid, counterintuitive and plain wrong. As best as we can understand the matter, the fact is that light has a dual nature.

Exactly the same is true about the Bible's description of God's creation process. Yes, it is true that the Bible employs different language to describe the creation process, but none of this description is at odds with what scientists have found from fossils. What it is necessary to understand is that different perspectives on the same subject are often valuable in allowing us to form more complete and richer overall pictures. This is an important principle.

Quantum mechanics tells us that it is impossible to know the position and momentum of an electron at the same time. So what? Well, science has actually proved that, firstly, we simply cannot know the answer to some questions, and secondly, whilst we focus on either one of these characteristics of an electron, the other must remain uncertain. This is not because of any kind of deficiency in our ability to measure; it is a statement about the nature of reality.

Similarly, when different perspectives provide separate but equally valid descriptions of reality, just as with the uncertainty principle, whilst we focus on one particular perspective, the other necessarily becomes increasingly uncertain. That is what happens when broadcasters such as Richard Dawkins insist that the Bible suggests a recent creation date for the Earth, within thousands of years which, of course, it does not. It is the exactly same issue, though from the opposite perspective, when some Christians say that God created the fossils to 'test our faith' or that they are the imprint of the animals that didn't make it after the flood; comments which have no real place in an educated society.

When we accept that evolution is God's creative process, we liberate ourselves from trying to reconcile two different perspectives on the same truth. Moreover, we can begin to focus on the purpose of the Bible, which was never meant to be read as a scientific document to be compared and contrasted with modern scientific explanations of the creative process.

Now, the book that is changing the lives of thousands of people around the world can be yours completely free. Get your Free Copy of Change Your Mind, Change Your Life...
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Will Edwards is Founder of White Dove Books
http://www.whitedovebooks.co.uk

The Evolution of Beds

Everyone wants the best, most comfortable bed to sleep in. These days, beds come in a multitude of different shapes and sizes, all stating they provide some specific quality to allow the person the best sleep possible. Not only are there many types of beds for adults, there are even specific beds for toddlers. They have special safety rails attached to them. These special guardrails provide the additional protection needed for the constant squirming of little sleeping children and also allow for the first defense from a child wandering around in the middle of the night while his|her parents are sleeping.

The evolution of the bed has come a long way from the days of our ancestors. Back then, humans were much more nomadic so they had to accept what bedding materials were close at hand. Imagine feeling well rested after a long night of laying on twigs and leaves; not a chance! Over time, populations have become more settled and then have they been afforded the opportunity to create a more permanent nightly resting place.

During the colonial farming days, people did not have much time or money to spend on bedding comfort. They were too busy trying to make ends meet tending to their farms by feeding their animals, tilling their land, preparing food from scratch, and sewing their own clothes. At that time, they often provided additional heat to their beds by placing hot coals underneath their beds. Their bedding was often made of straw or feathers and was very rudimentary at best.

Over the years, as the population has grown, businesses began to crop up where they concentrated only on bedding furniture and materials. They began to try different materials to ensure the greatest pleasure and comfort for the user. Newer technologies have allowed synthetic fibers to be used which, in turn, actually have helped certain individuals with allergies to feathers or straw that has been used in the past. Also, with the general population beginning to have some disposable income, great variations began to occur with beds.

Along with an increase of disposable income for many people, an increase of spare time has occurred, too. People began to have time to think of ways to improve their quality of life. A correlation began to develop between many of the aches and pains many people had and the beds they slept in at night. Studies have shown that the position a person slept in would require different densities of material. For instance, if a person slept on their side, they may require a softer surface to allow it to form better to their bodies.

Nowadays, beds are offered with more differentiations than most people even desire. There are soft beds, hard beds, beds with memory foam, beds that can be altered through electronic keypads, and beds that even give a gentle vibration or supplemental heat. Beds have indeed come a long way from the days of old where a person hoped to find some nice, soft, leaves to lay upon.

Connor Sullivan recently researched the cost of installing safety rails and other safety protection items for his company. He had a company install guardrails at his warehouse for the safety of his employees.

Immortality - The Evolution of Human Beings Into Divine Human Beings

There are two types of "evolution" occurring in our species. The first is Darwin's "competitive" evolution that is based on the adage of "survival of the fittest". The second is a Spiritual evolution that entails human beings reclaiming their rightful place in the Universe as the Divine Beings that they (we) are.

Darwin's process is clearly based on a fundamental force called "the fear of not surviving" or death where as the Spiritual Evolution is based on an entirely different and contrary energy which is that of "Life". In other words these two processes are not only driven by contrary forces they are also headed in contrary directions!

It has been proposed that Darwin's process is a normal and positive process for our species. After all, many would say, "hasn't it been this process that has moved us into the technological age with all our wonderful gadgets?". Some would even say that this process is leading us to develop robotic technologies that we will be able to use as the new vehicle for our "souls" to extend our life spans and hence achieve an immortal existence (see "The Age of Spiritual Machines" by Ray Kurzweil). All we have to do is to give up our organic bodies and transfer our consciousness into these shiny robotic shells.

How does this feel to you? Well if you still have a Heart to feel with I think you'll immediately be repulsed by such a prospect.

Well what about the so called "Spiritual Evolution"? Well there is a bit of a twist to this, as far as I am concerned. You see by this I do not refer to what many "spiritualists" or "new age gurus" refer to. In fact I am referring to an entirely different concept. Let me explain.

In this reality we experience daily stresses. Each of these stresses gets recorded as negative memories in our minds/bodies and remain there to form what we call the recorded history of our individual lives.
As you reflect on any part of this life history "video" stored within your mind/body you'll feel your Life Energy being depleted. That is equivalent to you dying!

How does that feel to you? I can guess that you are not pleased with this picture.

You see it is this "recording" process along with the belief that you "cannot change the past" i.e. "you cannot erase the tape" that keeps you on the trajectory of death. This is associated with and generates a sense of fear, sadness, frustration, stuckness, anger, and all of the competitive behaviors that feed into the Darwinian concept of evolution.

What if there was a process (and there is, it's called the Mind Resonance Process®) by which one could erase the "life history videotape" there by reclaiming one's life force energy back into their body? What would this feel like?

Well you already know the answer to that question because that is what all human beings inherently desire within their Hearts.

If you're not tuned into the feeling let me elaborate on it. It makes one feel whole, confident, complete, calm, peaceful, energized, relaxed, resilient, uplifted, loving, happy, joyful, lighter, clear, brighter, radiant, present, grounded, fulfilled, and most importantly "alive"!

How does this prospect feel to you? Good I'm sure! After all isn't this what all of you have been striving for all the while you have inhabited your organic physical bodies? Isn't this what you might define as "success"?

I have been helping individuals achieve exactly this state of "divine" presence. It is not only desirable but it is what it means to be truly human. Having one's Life Energy fully within one's body is our normal divine state. Our so-called reality wrestles it away from us causing us to succumb to fear and death and hence to Darwin's distorted definition of evolution.

True evolution is the process whereby all human beings make a choice to reclaim, once and for all, their rightful claims to their Life Energy rather than have it squandered into destructive and self destructive competitive behaviors which are heading the human species on the road to enslavement within robotic bodies.

For anyone who wants to return to their rightful evolutionary path kindly visit the link below for an experience that will change your life.

Nick Arrizza MD, a former Psychiatrist and Medical Doctor is an International Life, Executive, Organizational Tele-Coach, Author, Keynote Speaker, Trainer and Facilitator who lives in Toronto, Canada. He is also on Faculty at Akamai University in Hawaii. He is the CEO and Founder of Arrizza Performance Coaching Inc. and the developer of the powerful Mind Resonance Process® (MRP).

A 1 hour free introductory MRP telephone consultation is available upon request by visiting my web site or emailing me at drnick@telecoaching4u.com (You will be asked to cover your own long distance telephone charges)

The Evolution Revolution on the "Illuminati"

Someone I know via FB recently sent me a link to a video, with an accompanying message: "worth listening to" and "this is what we are up against."

This video was purportedly exposing the "Illuminati"--the recited text a list of ways 'they' are manipulating and controlling the masses, coupled with visual images meant to horrify and incense.

First let me say that the text itself, when examined, contains multiple contradictions and an inherent fallacy that makes the whole exercise a terrible joke. Looked at objectively the 'covenant' is a cunningly contrived discourse whose purpose is obviously to excite those of little understanding or discernment.

(The fact is, there doesn't need to be some elite group of puppet-masters manipulating the masses. The masses are well manipulated by the advertising industry alone. The ads we see every day that tell us in order to be happy we have to look like this, eat that, and drive the other are enough to convince the majority to stay on the treadmill of consumerism: spending one's time, energy and hard-earned money on conforming to the latest idea of 'in' or 'hip'--frittering away one's life chasing the carrot that always stays just out of reach, and burdened by never-ending debt. A slave who imagines he's free.)

What my (I'm guessing well-intentioned) acquaintance and those who spread the alarm about this so-called cabal apparently don't realize, is that by circulating this material they are serving the very purpose of those they condemn: the spread of fear and loathing--exciting the minds of the easily influenced to ineffectual rage. The upshot being that those who engage in this sort of conspiracy theorism are rendered useless in the larger struggle of Ignorance versus Enlightenment:for to engage at all is to concede one's energy to Ignorance. By dwelling on the insanity, or inanity, we feed it energetically (witness the Palin phenomenon), and only by withdrawing one's attention/energy may it be rendered impotent. Where there is no reaction there is no effect.

We are only at effect of that which we acknowledge.

By ceasing to engage in the maelstrom promulgated by the media--whose prime motive is profit, and secondary purpose to engage the populace in the turmoil of opinion, rendering them neutered in the ongoing process of overcoming Ignorance--we take the stand: we use our energy as we WILL, not as you would have us, reactively.

Those that understand this principle of Self-Mastery--and recognize our Oneness--focus their energy and attention on propagating that which fosters Understanding, Harmony & Compassion, for by so doing we eliminate the false barriers that have been erected to divide and conquer, and tip the balance toward the Light.

Be part of this intensifying phenomenon: embrace the Evolution Revolution and allow Consciousness to expand in you.

Saharadevi invites you to explore The Evolution Revolution and listen to the rap at: http://www.Evolution-Revolution-Handbook.com

Animal Poverty and Human Poverty

It was Thomas Malthus who noted that scientists had found that wild plant and animal populations quickly increase if their food supply increases, due to both increased birth rates and decreased death rates. In this way plant and animal species breed themselves poor and only the fittest will survive - and this powers 'natural selection' of the 'fittest' which enables evolution. So wild plant and animal populations grow easily and follow the Malthus law of biological poverty, driving biological progress for plants and animals so that poverty is good for progress ! And controvertially Malthus claimed that this applied to humans also.

An Essay on the Principle of Population, Chapter 1 (Malthus 1798) ;
"Through the animal and vegetable kingdoms, nature has scattered the seeds of life abroad with the most profuse and liberal hand. She has been comparatively sparing in the room and the nourishment necessary to rear them .... The race of plants and the race of animals shrink under this great restrictive law. And the race of man cannot, by any efforts of reason, escape from it. Among plants and animals its effects are waste of seed, sickness, and premature death. Among mankind, misery and vice. The former, misery, is an absolutely necessary consequence of it."

Malthus claimed that, like wild plants and animals, human populations also always follow this law of biological poverty and breed themselves poor. And certainly in primitive societies it is often the case that increased food supply does give a population increase, and a decreased food supply does give a population decrease, so that primitive human societies do seem to breed themselves poor in line with the Malthus law of biological poverty.

However, Malthus failed to notice that domesticated plant and animal populations instead follow human wishes and planning, so cow populations do not follow natural food supply biologically and they mostly escape poverty. For humans, Malthus biological poverty can only apply with certainty to societies that have little understanding of conception, for humans who do understand how babies are made can make choices that change birth rates. And humans can of course also make choices affecting death rates, even in primitive societies.

Hence though some human societies can indeed suffer Malthus biological poverty, this does not always apply. And not only is there little evidence of more modern human evolution or progress being chiefly driven by poverty, but there is strong evidence of more modern human civilisations progressing chiefly on the basis of excess wealth - so that human poverty now at least is bad for progress !

by Vincent Wilmot 2007 of http://www.world-poverty.org and http://www.social-exclusion-housing.com

Natural Weight Loss With the Evolution Diet in 30 Days

How many diets have you tried?

Have you tried surviving on cabbage soup or eating nothing but protein? Most people have tried all sorts of elaborate diets but end up either putting on more weight, having extreme cravings or feeling so sick that they just can't continue.

Over the years of working in the health and fitness industry, I've discovered what fat loss programmes work through scientific research and trial and error. My evolution diet I have found to be by far the most effective and as you read on you will see why. For me, this isn't even a diet but a healthy eating plan that I personally employ on a day to day basis.

Evolution explains why most diets fail

We only have to look back at our evolution to see why most diets fail. Many diets rely on a starvation principle that heavily limits the amount of calories you can consume on a daily basis. This does cause weight loss short term by muscle wastage and water loss but very little of this weight is actual fat. These starvation diets actually cause us to store fat for survival and in turn put on more weight in the long term.

Heavy calorie reduction causes a severe reduction in leptin (protein), which in turn signals a starvation response in our body. This response reduces our metabolic rate and increases our hunger. It is believed that this response originates back to our ancestors and the "Hunter Gather Days", when food was often scarce. Our body's developed a way to conserve its most valuable energy source, body fat, in order to survive longer.

So starvation or heavy calorie restricted diets are not the answer. Not only do these diets cause you to put on more fat in the long term (yo yo dieting) but they also slow down your metabolism, the exact thing you need to increase to burn more fat.

The best way to diet is to eat natural

Everyone is different and we all have different requirements for vitamins, minerals and general nutrients; a lot of this is determined by our genetics and cannot be changed. However, we do all have one thing in common - we evolved eating natural foods. Foods that we picked from trees & bushes, dug out of the ground or animals that we chased down and killed.

Although the world has evolved at a very rapid rate our bodies have not. We are still uncomfortable sitting for long periods of time, require regular exercise, get headaches and eye problems using computers, suffer in really over crowed areas etc.

Our body's still crave and require the natural foods we ate and drank many years ago. Processed foods, simple sugars, contaminated water, and artificial stimulants are still alien to our bodies. All of these unnatural products (toxins) are stored in our fat cells while our body decides what to do with them.

We are suffering from an internal anxiety as our body stores toxin after toxin.

Following this diet will strip you of this toxic fat.

Follow this diet for 30 days and your body will release all of these toxic fat cells. The ugly fat will disappear! In order to achieve this you need to return to the natural foods that we have evolved to eat and process comfortably.

To find out what the Evolution diet involves and how to put it into practice download your free copy from my website below.

GB Personal Training is run by Greg Brookes a fully certified Health and fitness consultant. Based in Hampstead London NW3 he offers personal training and advice to people wishing to make the most out of their health. Visit http://www.gbpersonaltraining.com for a complete list of free downloads and advice.

Evolution Vs Creationism

This debate has been around for a long time. For hundreds of years, people from both sides have been bitterly squabbling about the origins of human existence, with no end in site. The Internet is full with people's strong, heavily biased opinions on the matter, often with no neutral view point. This is why this article was written!

The following article will try to explore the differences between the two viewpoints, whilst trying to remain unbiased. But ultimately only you know what you believe. Evolution or Creationism?

You are probably reading this article with one of these conflicting viewpoints. I advise for the next few minutes that you put your biased opinions to one side so that we can make a more informed analysis of this debate. By doing this, it will allow you to see the point of view from the other side, perhaps not agreeing, but ultimately understanding how and why they have come to their opinions.

Opposing views between people that support evolution and people that support creationism have raged over the last hundred years, becoming more heated within the last few years. Internet forums are full of people squabbling between the two, but what exactly are they squabbling about?

Evolution and Creationism have different standpoints about the emergence of us, human beings. This could even be expanded to the emergence of the universe in it's entirety. So, how exactly do they differ? Well simply, evolution tries to explain our origins through scientific method, coming to the conclusion that we and everything else evolved over time, to become who and what we are today. Creationism tries to explain our origins through religious beliefs, concluding that we and everything else was created by God. It's clear to see why these contrasting viewpoints are so passionately debated, so let's look at each perspective a little closer.

Evolution

The Theory of Evolution was originally suggested by Charles Darwin in 1859 when his book 'The Origin of Species' was first published. This book challenged the fundamental belief that God created everything as it was stated in the Bible. Darwin himself was deeply religious, with his own work going against everything that he believed in, so much so that it took him 20 years of inner turmoil to build up enough courage to publish.

Darwin's life work led him to the conclusion that all life evolved over time gradually. During his many years travelling the world, he found evidence that suggested this theory. His visits to remote and isolated islands, like the Galapagos Islands, were of particular interest to him. These 'geologically new' islands were full of interesting and diverse sets of animals that seemed to branch off from much older forms of wildlife found elsewhere. More so, this was evident when he visited Australia, where kangaroo's and platypus's seemed so different, that it was as though two different creators had been at work. He began to conclude that the isolation of these groups of animals was a contributing factor in the development of these diverse creatures.

Darwin was also a keen geologist and fossil collector. During his travels, he found many new fossils of long extinct creatures, that were unknown at the time. A lot of people were excited at these new discoveries of unusual creatures that had died long ago, but Darwin was more interested in 'why' they had become extinct. He suggested that these animals had died off due to competition for natural resources like food, from better adapted animals. This was the initial idea that, over time, resulted in Darwin coining the phrase "Survival of the Fittest".

Darwin began to see the connection between creatures evolving over time and "Survival of the Fittest". If a species can't adapt to it's changing environment adequately, then it will begin to die out due to competition from other species. This all seemed very logical, however he then began to ask how we, 'human beings' fit into this theory.

As stated previously, Darwin was a deeply religious man. It is with no surprise then, that Darwin struggled to come to terms with the notion that Humans could have evolved. This went against everything that he believed in, yet he wanted to see how, and indeed if, his theory applied to humans. Darwin began to gather evidence from numerous sources that humans are just another form of animal. It had already been shown that anatomically, humans are almost identical to apes and other forms of primate, so Darwin suggested that with the addition of sexual selection and a large amount of time, it could be traced back that the two had a common ancestor.

Darwin is famous for first suggesting the 'Theory of Evolution', but it was at the time mainly just a theory. In science, a theory will only ever be theory until it is proved with overwhelming evidence. So since Darwin died, many scientists have set out to seek evidence that either proves or disproves this. This is why today, evolution is not seen to be a theory anymore. Mountains of evidence that proves this has been found in every corner of the world. Scientists from all countries and religious backgrounds have been able to find evidence that supports evolution, and with the continuing improvement of technology, this has been shown to be true at genetic levels.

Creationism

Creationism is probably most closely linked to Christians, but other forms of religion do have their own interpretations of creation. The Bible clearly states that God created the world and everything in it. We are created in Gods image, not that of an ape.

Many creationists find it hard to comprehend the idea of evolution, particularly the evolution of humans. The belief in God and the spirituality that they hold in high regard help to shape their world and philosophy. To divert against this could be seen as loosing faith, faith that encourages a person to live a morally good life by teaching them to be good.

Some argue that science doesn't have, and can never answer certain questions, therefore a higher power must be responsible. This, to a certain extent, is a valid point. Some questions, especially philosophical questions, will never be answered because there is no right or wrong answer. One question that has nagged human kind is that of "Why are we here?" or "What is the meaning of life?". A scientist may approach this in a scientific way, but it would seem to be impossible to prove. You yourself can only answer these questions, as these questions are of a very personal nature. However, just because science can't answer certain questions, doesn't mean it never will be able to.

Conclusion

This debate will continue for a long time to come. However I do believe that some people purposely add fuel to the fire and total dismiss another persons point of view. If you support evolution, you shouldn't dismiss someone's religious views, as that is totally disrespectful. However, this can be be applied the other way, that if you believe in creationism, you shouldn't just dismiss scientific evidence because you don't agree with it.

Science has played a huge part in shaping our modern world and will continue to do so in the future. Scientists don't claim to know everything and often do get things wrong. Perhaps evolution will be proved to be incorrect in the future, but if it is, it will be proven with vast amounts of scientific evidence to support it.

Religion has also helped create our modern society in which we live in. It has given us a moral code in which to live our lives by and can be argued that a lack of it could lead us to lead immoral lives. In certain circles atheists are seen to be evil, whereas in reality just because you may not believe in a higher power, doesn't mean that you are going to live a life without any morals.

I personally support evolution because this gives us a scientific understanding of who we are and where we have come from. I personally find that more spectacular than having been created. To have evolved from being an animal to being the custodians of our planet and everything on it. To gaze into the night sky and look forward to the future of the human race that spans the stars. I also believe that a higher power may have been responsible for creating the big bang, which could be seen to support a creation viewpoint. I like to think that if God created us, he chose to give us an inquisitive mind. It is this mind that fuels our curiosity to seek out and understand the world around us. But that is my opinion, what is yours? Do you believe in creationism or evolution?

My name is Matt and I am a writer for http://www.TheSquabble.com a great website that lets people discuss and debate over a wide variety of topics. Currently we have articles added regularly covering products/brands, politics, sport, people and many others. If you have something to squabble about, then we are the place to do it.

So check out http://www.TheSquabble.com - Because everyone has something to squabble about!

The Cenozoic of the Earth

Important sediments containing fossils of land as well as marine mammals are characteristic for that time period. It was time of formation of mountains such as Alps, Pyrenees, and Himalayas, and of other movements of the earth's crust. A prominent depression of the earth's surface extended from the Mediterranean across Europe all the way to Norway. From time to time, sea waters penetrated far inland. Volcanic activity was quite common at that time.

During the early Tertiary era the climate was still warm, almost tropical. Mighty forests flourished and produced raw material for today's bituminous coal deposits in northern Europe and North America. During that time, however, a gradual cooling trend set in and the pole was covered by ice for the first time. Steppes were forming in the Mediterranean and the sea levels fluctuated. Shallow coastal seas containing numerous sedimentary deposits were constantly forming. Rhine and Parisian basins are examples of these formations.

Fossils of that time, which differ greatly from the fossils of the Cretaceous, attest to a prominent evolution of mammals. They spread all over the globe by adapting to the diverse conditions on land, in the water and in the air. Primitive forms of animals similar to rodents, marsupials, and insectivores were among the mammals of the earlier Tertiary era.

Unable to compete with the placental mammals, the marsupials soon died out. They survived to the present time only in Australia, which was already separated from the continent, thus no small mammals could colonize that part of the world.

Insectivores are perceived as the initial form in the evolution of modern proboscideans, fliers (chiroptera), rodents, primates, beasts of prey (creondots), and ungulates (condylarthra). Permanent addition to the different modern animal kinds, in particular during the later Tertiary era, was supported by the climate changes. For example, when the American continent lifted, the climate there became drier. Forests gave way to extensive lowlands covered by grassy prairies. In the open spaces, the beasts of pray could detect easily the insectivores. Only the fastest ones could escape. Animals that could run on their toes were faster and evolved into the ungulates.

The mammals dominated the oceans as well. Sirenians (sirenia), whales, and seals evolved independently of each other. They shared their environment mainly with bony fish, which already included prehistoric forms of bass, pike, herring, eel, tench, and barbel. In the meantime, the reptiles of the earth's Mesozoic died out. Only turtles, crocodiles, therapsids, snakes, as well as certain amphibians such as frogs and turtles, survived. In the case of birds, the majority of the orders, to which the birds of today belong, evolved at that time.

During the Tertiary, the insects were evolving also. Fossils of mosquitoes, beetles, dragonflies, ants, crickets, and bees were found. The flowers of the angiosperms provided new sources of nutrition supporting their evolution.

Angiosperms formed a new group of plants. Although the earlier ones persisted, their share in the total vegetation was decreasing. In the second, cooler period of the Tertiary, coniferous forests were growing mainly in the northern latitudes. This is where amber, in which many insects were captured, was formed.

Quaternary (kvarter, Latin for fourth system) is the youngest and simultaneously the shortest period of time in the history of our earth. It is divided into Pleistocene, which started some 2 to 2,5 million years ago. and approximately 10.000 years ago entered the present geological time called Holocene.

Although this time period is very short when compared to the age of the earth, it is of special significance because humans evolved during this period. The Quaternary, therefore, is denominated as the time of "human formation" (Anthropozoic). A fast-changing climate was another reason for delimiting this period.

Throughout almost the entire history of the earth the climate - at least at latitudes close to the equator - was evenly tropical and warm. During the Quaternary the cold and warm time periods began to alternate. The first ice age occurred as early as 600.000 years ago in the northern hemisphere. That is why the beginning of the Pleistocene was originally set at that time. A longer-lasting period of cooling, however, preceded the ice age, and the beginning of that period was therefore set at approximately 2 million years ago.

The cool periods had a profound impact on the flora and fauna, while during the warm periods the temperatures were similar to what we experience today. Eurasian plants and animals could not recede easily to the south due to impassable mountains such as Alps and Carpathians, which were covered by ice. In North America, however, they could retreat all the way to the Gulf of Mexico and when the ice age concluded, they would expand again in northerly direction. This is why we find a greater diversity of species in North America than in Europe where, according to estimates, 50 to 80 percent of different species died out.

The fauna left behind fossils, which are classified by warm and cold periods. The warm periods are characterized by forest elephant and forest rhinoceros. In addition, the prehistoric form of our domesticated gaur, prehistoric gaur, lived in this warm climate.

In cold periods, the predominant animals were the mammoth, which developed from the genus Elephantidae, giant deer, muskox, reindeer, and woolly rhinoceros. In addition, cave bear and lion inhabited the cool tundra. Some of these animals froze so quickly that the contents of their stomach were preserved.

The evolution of the humans is also closely linked to the ice age. The human environment narrowed as a consequence of more inclement weather and the ice masses which covered the continents, especially in the northern regions. As the seas receded, the humans discovered new places to live. They found sufficient food supply on the coasts in the form of fish, shells, and marine mammals. The humans settled on the islands of south Asia, as well as Australia and America (by crossing a land bridge called Beringia).

During the Holocene, there was a new global warming and the latest melting of the ice masses, up to this point in the history of the earth, took place. Reindeer and muskox followed the retreating ice. Mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, and giant deer probably did the same. It is still unclear why these animals died out. The successful hunting activities of the humans during the Stone Age may have been a contributing factor.

Retreating glaciers left moraines in the foothills of Europe, Asia, and North America. The sea level rose again and the climate turned more humid. Numerous lowlands became swamps. The plants again grew faster and larger, and new forests flourished. In addition to birches and conifers, which already existed in the latter part of the ice age, there were new forests of beech and oak.

The humans started to engage in agriculture and animal husbandry. They cleared forests and had an indelible impact on both fauna and flora.

The Cenozoic of the Earth
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Evolution of the Travel Agent

Years ago, when you wanted to go on vacation, there was only one option. You had to hoof it down to your local travel agency and browse through some travel brochures. Then, when you made your selection, you'd sit across the desk from your travel agent (in a very uncomfortable chair) while they entered all the information on their green monochrome computer screen. Travel agents were the keepers of all travel information. Their life was the stuff of dreams. We imagined they had been everywhere and knew everything about world travel. They were the rock stars of the retail world.

Then, a few things happened. First, the airlines decided they didn't need travel agents anymore and they pulled the plug on agent commissions. This didn't work out so well for the airlines as evidenced by the number of them who went under in the aftermath. Many agencies refused to sell airline tickets without receiving a commission. Why should they work for free? So, things began to change from what had once been a very structured agency model governed by the ARC (Airlines Reporting Commission) into an industry that was evolving into something new.

Then, the second thing happened. The advent of the internet connection changed the face of travel forever. Information is readily available 24 hours a day about any aspect of travel you can imagine - from luxury yacht trips in the South Pacific to staying at a youth hostel in Europe. Whatever your budget or interest, the internet can open up a whole new world of options available to you for travel.

However, with the plethora of information now available to consumers, is there still a need for the travel agent? Can't consumers just figure this all out on their own now? I suppose they could try. But, why would they want to? Travel agents offer the benefit of their expertise in dealing day in and day out with travel suppliers. They still hold the "secret knowledge" of the travel business, just in a different way now. Plus, the services of a travel agent are usually free to consumers, as agents are paid commissions by suppliers.

In all honesty, consumers need travel agents now more than ever before. In the past, there was so little information available to consumers that they were at the mercy of the travel agent to get any of it. Now, there is so much information available to consumers, they're often left floundering in the sea of travel offers. Travel agents are skilled at cutting through the hype and emotion-driven marketing of suppliers. They have learned how to match travelers with vacations they will treasure.

In the wake of the home-based business revolution, many travel agents have moved their businesses to their homes. This is a good thing for consumers in that it allows for much more personalized service. Agents usually have extended hours when they're home-based, making it more convenient to get in touch with them. And often, agents will come right to your home equipped with their laptop and brochures.

The smart travel agents have embraced technology and are using it to provide better service to their clients. Most travel suppliers are riding the technology wave too and are providing wonderful online resources available only to travel agents. The information age has educated not only the consumer, but has given travel agents powerful tools to provide superior customized service to their clients. With this type of customization, you can receive targeted travel promotions only for the destinations you're interested in. This service alone can help cut down on information overload. You only receive information that's of interest to you.

Another benefit of using an agent is that you have an advocate once you're on your vacation. If anything goes wrong or things aren't as they were promised, your agent will be your advocate to the travel supplier to try to get things corrected and made right. Just give your agent a call and let them try to sort the problem out. Don't spend valuable vacation time in frustration. Suppliers know that if they don't treat their clients right, agent won't promote their products. Suppliers work hard to maintain a good rapport with the travel agent community. Word travels fast about suppliers who won't take care of problems. However, if you don't have an agent, you won't have the benefit of any extra leverage your agent could provide in correcting a problem.

So, go ahead and spend some time on the internet gathering information for your next vacation. Peruse the vastness of cyberspace hunting for that perfect vacation. However, when it comes time to book your reservation, give your travel agent a call. They'll be able to determine if what you've selected will meet your expectations. If they think it won't, they'll recommend something else you might like better. And most likely ... they'll be right and you'll end up having a fantastic vacation!

About the Author

Lorraine Grant is a former travel agent and is currently a travel writer for Going Green Travel [http://www.goinggreentravel.com], a site that offers reviews of environmentally-friendly travel destinations. Click here to read her latest report.

Disproving the Theory of Evolution

Falsifying the Theory of Evolution

It is a basic thing in science that theories have to be testable. If something is not testable it cannot be considered as a serious scientific theory. This does not mean that the thing is not true, or important just that it is not part of science. So, for the Theory of Evolution by natural selection to be considered seriously there have to be ways it could be proved wrong.

J.B.S. Haldane supposedly gave the discovery of Rabbit fossils in Precambrian rocks as an example of a fact that would falsify the theory of evolution. The main evidence given for evolution by Charles Darwin is not fossil. Darwin was a trained Geologist, and he certainly mentions fossils, but most of the large amount of evidence he presented was from currently existing living things. J.B.S. Haldane was referring to the apparent fact that the fossil record shows apparently ancestral groups in older rocks than their apparent descendants, and not randomly distributed through the rocks.

A Monkey Giving Birth to a Human

However there are other things that would falsify the theory of evolution. One of these would be a monkey giving birth to a human baby. Darwin's theory of evolution suggests that an animal's offspring will be of its own kind, with the sort of variations that we know occur in species, so one species giving birth to a completely different one is not evolution.

Of course with the peculiar things that scientists are capable of nowadays we would have to add that both parents were of the same type of monkey, and there had not been any strange tampering by scientists. Of course results can be faked.

So, monkey parents giving birth to a human would disprove the theory of evolution, but it is well within the realms of possibility for monkey parents to give birth to a baby with some human characteristics, for example the baby monkey might have no tail like humans and apes. A mutation along these lines happened for tailless Cats, but they are still Cats.

Predictions

Another way of testing scientific theories is to make predictions and then test them. Charles Darwin made several predictions. One of these followed the discovery of a type of orchid which had a very long narrow flower. Darwin predicted that an insect would be found with a tongue so long that it would be able to reach right down to the bottom of the flower, getting the nectar and fertilizing the flower. This insect was discovered later.

Steve Challis has information about many types of animal on http://stevechallis.net as well as several articles about evolution including the article called A"Proof Darwin was Wrong" at http://stevechallis.net/Proof-Darwin-was-Wrong.php.

Stock Pot - A Brief History

The history of the stock pot is not nearly as ancient as one would think. Cooking vessels were a very slow but necessary part of the evolution of humanity. While early man used reeds, turtle sheets, mollusks and the stomach from animals to heat their food, the evolution to pottery was a slow process. Pottery allowed the containment of the food substances over a slow and low fire. Pottery cracks when it is super heated. Even modern pottery is reserved for slow cooking. No Open fires please! It was not until the development of bronze and iron that pots made of metal became another choice. Found in Medieval kitchen was a cauldron similar to modern stock pots. A cauldron had a rounded bottom and a curved handle which hung over an open fire. Cauldrons or kettles were used for cooking or boiling liquids. Cauldrons' fell out of favor when they became a symbol of witch craft and the requirement of an open fire.

Stock pots are round, with a flat bottom and handles on either side. A lid is a helpful accessory. Rounded handles become hot when cooking making them less useful then the side top handles sported on modern stock pots. Stock pots are made from a small range of modern metals. Metals useful for pots conduct heat well and are chemically not reactive. Food should not taste like the pan, nor should the qualities of the metal become a part of your diet. Metals that have been used over time is aluminum, copper, cast iron, stainless steel, carbon steel, enamel cast iron, enamel over steel, clad iron or copper, and metal featuring nonstick interiors.

While stainless steel has many great qualities heat conduction is not one of them. A good stainless steel pot should have another more heat conducting metal on the base of the pot.

In construction a stock pot is similar to a large sauce pot. A sauce pot is as tall vertically as the diameter of the bottom. Saucepots are measured by volume. The smaller the sauce pot the more likely it will have just one handle, much longer handle. Stock pots are much larger with two handles on either side in order to use both hands to balance the weight of the pot. Stock pots are also measured by volume usually 6 to 36 liters. A stock pot sides are at least as large as its diameter allowing for stock to simmer for long periods of time. Stock is created by placing vegetables or meats in a large quantity of water and simmering over a long period of time. The reduction of the liquid creates a rich stock (vegetable or meat) to be used as a base for soups, stews, pot pies, and sauces. Some meats do not lend themselves well to stock like pork because of the greasy quality.

Some recommendations for good stock is to start with cold water, add meat at a ratio of one part meet to two parts water, add meat before the vegetables, simmer with bubbles just breaking the top (not boiling), and scum that comes to the top should be skimmed and discarded.

Here at Barkcookware we have a wide variety of quality cookware, so please come check us out you will be glad you did. Visit us at http://www.barkcookware.com/ today.

My Evolution Through Making Healthy Homemade Dog Food

I have always been considered a health nut. And though not the popular opinion in the medical industry I began my career in, it has always been common sense to me that nutrition had to be taken into account when considering health and disease. But it was not and that was just one of the things so frustrating to me about the medical industry.

Because of my strong opinion regarding nutrition when I had my children, I followed what I observed in nature which always provides exactly what is needed with out help from mankind. Thus mother's milk is the obvious answer. Animals do what is natural which works out quite well. When the babies were ready for solid food I blended fruits and vegetables, many from our own garden so I could ensure there were no pesticides but also to save money. And I began introducing foods slowly.

I felt my dogs deserved nothing less and in 1974 researched what historically dogs thrived on. There was not a lot of information available. Yes, kids there was no computer or internet. So I combined facts with instincts. I began with chicken, grilled, roasted or boiled. Then I slowly added steamed vegetables and some grains. And then monitored BMs carefully. If I noticed an unwanted reaction I backed off of that new ingredient.

Initially chicken was the only ingredient and then slowly, very slowly I added one ingredient at a time. Once I determined what they tolerated and thrived on and you know how much they should eat, you have your diet for that dog. I learned the hard way what was too much because some if not most dogs will overeat and dog lovers know what happens when they overeat.

At that time, I really didn't know if dogs should have grains or vegetables but I focused on high complex carbohydrates. And then found that I could add vitamins and minerals by adding fruits/berries and blend them into the vegetables and grains. You know when your dog loves a recipe so you learn their favorites quite easily. I have always had more than one dog and I might have one dog that loves a recipe and 3 that hate it. But I just right down on the recipe Chienee's favorite, Suede hates this one to keep it straight. And then the final test was to see if it was well tolerated by each dog.

As puppies its a constant change but you get to the point when they are 2 years old and their appetite and needs level out and you have the amount each dog should eat and which recipes each dog loves.

So here are a few recipes that are favorites of my dogs Suede, 17 year old male German Shepherd from my rescue, Coco, 8 year old female, sable Pomeranian, Laci 3 year old female, white Pomeranian and Kashmir, a 2 year old male, white Pomeranian.

Roast Chicken Recipe

Roast Chicken deboned, skin removed including cartilage and knuckles. NO BONES-Zero
long grain brown rice
steamed kale, swiss chard great for inflammation
steamed carrots
sesame oil drizzled over top 1/2 tsp

Whatever the total amount, the division is 3/4 meat (protein) & 1/4 vegetables/grains/fruits blended and mixed together.

So if the dog eats 1 cup of food, 3/4 cup would be shredded meat, 1/4 cup blended veggies/grain/fruit. And mix.

Grilled Recipe

Grilled lamb, chicken or beef kabobs
Barley
cranberries, strawberries or blueberries steamed
Yellow or Zucchini Squash blended with berries
Greek Yogurt just a dollop (1/2 tsp)

Beef Roast

Roast (Crockpot)
Couscous regular
Mixed Vegetables, Carrots, Peas, Green Beans (no corn) Blend and mix with Couscous and Roast
Olive oil drizzled over top 1/2 tsp

LIST OF VARIETY OF INGREDIENTS TO USE

MEAT

chicken
lamb
beef
rabbit

Additional Protein

Salmon mixed with smaller amount of other meats

Boiled egg 1/4 to 1/2 for very small dogs/1 whole for large dogs mixed with main meat

**Now remember! If your dog does not react well to something, don't use it. Eggs are a tricky one. And yes you will have gas but all four of mine love it.

OILS drizzle

Olive Oil
Sesame Oil
Canola Oil
Salmon Oil

GRAINS

Barley
Brown Rice
Lentils
Couscous
Oatmeal
Rye toast
Brewer's Yeast 1/2 tsp

VEGETABLES

Swiss Chard
Kale
Squash
Carrots
Peas
Green Beans
Broccoli (gassy)
Cauliflower
Snow Peas
Grass (yes, grass from the lawn)

FRUIT

Strawberries
Blueberries
Cranberries
Apples
Banana

DO NOT FEED LIST

Grapes
Raisins
Onions (deadly)
Garlic ( accumates)
Raw Eggs (salmanella)
Avocadoes (all parts are toxic)
Chocolate (deadly)
Turkey and Chicken Skin ( nausea)
Aloe Vera
Fruit Pits/Fruit Seeds (most contain cyanide)
Uncooked Bread/Roll dough
Macademia nuts
Mushrooms
Nutmeg
Sugar-free Foods
Alcohol (even beer. I know some dogs like it. But limit their intake)
Fat (too much, especially over short amount of time can be toxic)

Pay close attention to your dogs bowel movements and watch closely for any signs of poisoning.

Some signs of poisoning are:

Abdominal Pain (whine or abdomen tender to touch)
Coma
Convulsions
Diarrhea
Drooling
Foaming at mouth
Irregular Heartbeat
Labored Breathing
Swollen Limbs
Vomiting

Act quickly for immediate treatment of poisoned pet

ASPCA 1-888-426-4435 or Pet Poison Hotline 1-800-213-6180

If possible have someone call your vet or the emergency vet and prepare them for your immediate arrival.

**Best Choice****Prevention

Homemade Dog Food must fit your lifestyle. If you're very busy, keep it simple. If you have more time or want to make the time you can be quite creative and have fun watching your dog love his meals and feeling good with a full tummy....and of course, creating Optimal Health for your Noble Canine.

About the Author

Pamela S Mayer, creator of Noble Canine Pet Boutique, is a lifelong dog lover and activist for humane treatment of all animals. It is her passion to locate or design new and unique pet products to enrich dogs' lives and make it more convenient, safer and healthier for every Canine lifestyle.

Sign up for the newsletter for the Season's fashions, Sales and new products.

http://www.noblecanine.com

Evolution on a Ladies Bike

Recently there has been a great deal of talk about caveman health, or how evolution has designed us to be healthy with certain kinds of food and exercise. The basic premise is that we are substantially the same physically as our ancestors ten thousand years ago. This was before humanity took up agriculture and basically scavenged, gathered and hunted for food.

So our ancestors would wonder around looking for food, with occasional bursts of high energy activities such as chasing after animals, fighting or even running away from predators.

From an exercise point of view this means we are best suited to low energy activities interspersed with short bursts of high energy actions.

How can we use this on our bikes? Let me say right away that we are talking about "cycling bikes" here not the sort you sit on and the engine does all of the work for you!

We all know that cycling can be fun, good for our health and good for the environment; you can even use it for getting from A to B. To improve your fitness you should firstly cycle as much and as regularly as possible. To implement the Evolution on a ladies bike method you should cruise along but then burst as fast as you can for one min. Slow to an easier pace for at least 3mins and repeat. Make sure you are in a safe area to do the burn part, maybe a park or a traffic free cycle way is perfect. Recent research has shown that only 3 repetitions of the burn phase a day can improve the health of your heart and lungs.

We sell only the best ladies bikes at our store. So if you are looking for a ladies bike pay us a visit.

Do We Need Proof That Humans Are Better Than Animals

Many believe that humans are more than just a cut above animals; in fact they believe humans are so special that they are indeed divine. Who makes these claims; Humans of course and it makes sense. But if your dog could talk he would say you are nothing more than a two-legged dog and really you are not worth much more than dog crap as far as he is concerned. When was the last time you took him to the park to play Frisbee?

Do we need proof that Humans are better than Animals? Should we do a study? A survey or simply ask the other species what they think of all our BS? We already know what your dog thinks now and the pigeons made it pretty clear on your car this morning?

Actually you know, personally I am quite satisfied with my observations that Humans are Animals and in all my years of observing humans and their behavior and tracing back the causes, I see nothing uniquely different from "most" all of them. Although during my life experience I have indeed met some standouts, which seemed quite ahead of the game; that is to say the observational average human in society and their cognitive abilities.

In the end humans are merely animals, no better no worse, except maybe if you are the environment, then of course from your perspective humans suck and big time. Should we let humans do a study to determine if humans are better than animals and deserving of their own category? If so who should we let do the study; certainly not humans after all you cannot trust them like you can trust your dog's honest opinion of the situation. Consider this in 2006.

"Lance Winslow" - Online Think Tank forum board. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; www.WorldThinkTank.net/. Lance is an online writer in retirement.

The Zoo is the Place, and the Animal at the Animal Theme Party is You!

An Animal theme party is always a hit, especially during off-peak seasons, such as the autumn of the year, when the heat is off. The key a successful animal theme party at the zoo is planning. Consult the zoo administrator, ahead of time to determine what is allowed, confirm that the zoo allows parties, and see if a zoo official can act as tour guide, so you can concentrate on keeping your little animals in line. You will definitely need help, so enlist the aid of several parents, and/or your spouse, to help setting up, keeping track of the guests, and cleaning up after the party. Sometimes teenagers are very good at this, and tend to work pretty inexpensively, if you need to bring in hired hands to corral the 'wildlife'.

Either hire someone (or find a volunteer) to paint animal faces on the guests as they arrive, and be sure parents know when and where to pick up their little 'animals' when the party is over. Have sandwiches, chips, fruity drinks and, of course, cake, available. If the zoo allows it, you can set up the coolers with spouts and throw away paper cups (near trash bins) so that there are plenty of 'watering holes' available during the tour.

In respect for animals living in the zoo, I don't recommend noise makers during the party. Party goers can tour the zoo, while you take Polaroid snapshots for 'animal' guests to take back to their own 'lair' when they leave the zoo.

Identifying pre recorded animal sounds (if your guests are too young to read and write, you can always have animal photos for them to choose which animal made the sound) with the matching the most animals to their sounds, being named King (or Queen) of the jungle. Party 'animals' can be given goodie bags filled with party favors, as their parents pick them up to leave. Some good choices would be animal printed pencils, erasers, animal cards or posters, and the snapshots from your animal theme party.

Mrs. Party... Gail Leino is the internet's leading authority on selecting the best possible party supplies, using proper etiquette and manners while also teaching organizational skills and fun facts. Tons of fun Animal Party Supplies, party favors, decorations, pinatas, free games and ideas to help complete your event.